Abstract :
Abdominal pain is a common but challenging problem of chronic pancreatitis (CP). Major mechanisms of
pain in CP are the pancreatic inflammation, ductal-parenchymal hypertension, pancreatic neuropathy and central
nervous system sensitization. There are some unconventional or underused treatment options of CP pain. They are
valuable when dealing with difficult-to-treat patients such as antioxidants, pregabalin, ketamine, cognitive-behavioral
therapy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, early surgery and pancreatic radiation. All are summarized in
this review.
Key words : probiotic, minimal hepatic encephalopathy |
file/Thai-Journal-of-gastroenterology-vol-17-no-1-3466393.pdf